• Gentrification emerges as a systemic driver of urban change, linking capital depreciation, land‑market dynamics, and the back‑to‑the‑city migration to unevenly reshape neighborhoods [3][4][6][8][12].

• Policy‑driven redevelopment and urban governance frame city change: property markets, development industries, and public‑private partnerships; planning strategies reconfigure centers and neighborhoods (UK and US examples) [2][11][10][18].

• Globalization shapes urban space via megaprojects, privatized/public spaces, and cross‑border urban regimes; Pacific Rim megaprojects, new urbanism, and the reimagining of public space illustrate transnational citymaking [13][14][16][9].

• Space/place theory and culture of urban form: placeness, meaning, and the politics of urban perception across fringe to downtown landscapes; links between geographic imaginings and everyday urban life [7][17][15][5].